HIBrtARY OF CONGRESS. 



f ^ r4^ ^ 

I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | 



KEY TO BUTTON'S 



SCHOOL CHAETS: 



BY 



GEOEGE BUTTON, M. A., M.D., 

Author of a "Hygienic Manual," "Love's Guide," 

"Mathematical Argument" against Tobacco; 

and popular lecturer on Physiology 

and Sanitary Science. 






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OF 



if GOPYRiQHT^ 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTKOB. 

1875. 



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Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1873, 

By GEORGE BUTTON, A. M., M. D., 

In the ofQ.ce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 



W. C. Allan, Printer, 50 Bromfleld St., Boston. 



]p:re:pj^c:e]- 

"As health is the most precious of all things, the science of pro« 
tecting life and health is the noblest of all and most worthy the at- 
tention of mankind."— Hoffman. 

Button's School Charts and Key teach in an im- 
pressive manner the value of health and how to pre- 
serve it. 

The charts contain in sixty words the essential 
principles of Hygiene and medical science. 

The Key contains the outlines of Anatomy and 
Physiology as the proper introduction to the explana- 
tions of the charts, and a list of questions and answers 
for oral exercises ; also a glossary of technical terms 
that belong essentially to this branch of science. 
The whole can be easily mastered in a single term of 
school, and is so comprehensive as to form the basis 
of a correct medical education. 

Such knowledge is the birthright of every child, 
and so essential to human happiness that it can be 
only appropriately styled, Ufe-knowledg-e, Let every 
part be carefully studied and all completely mastered. 



OOI>TTE2SrTS- 

Introduction, ...... 3 

Button's School Charts, No. 1, . . 8 

" " " No. 2, ■ . .9 

Explanations of the Charts, ... 10 
Oral and General Exercises, . . .32 
Questions for Oral Exercises, . . 39 

Glossary, .44: 

Directions and Suggestions to Teachers, 48 



iisrTi^oiDXJCTionsr. 



In the world in which we live, there is no such 
thing as chance. Nature's laws, constant and un- 
changeable, everywhere prevail. 

We may not always be able to discover the cause 
of the phenomena that we witness, owing to the limi- 
tation of onr knowledge ; yet, in all our observations, 
one conclusion is inevitable, viz : there is no effeot 
without a cause. 

Disease is an effect ; and is generally the result of 
our ignorance and imprudence. Disease is never de- 
sired ; it cripples and destroys our faculties, corrodes 
the beauty of our persons, robs us of enjoyment, 
takes away our usefulness, and is attended with much 
suffering and pain, that often amounts to agony. 

On the other hand, health, though always desired, 
is never appreciated until lost. The invalid alone 
knows its value. Health is wealth, and to secure it 
is the first step to greatness. We should preserve it 

AS A RELIGIOUS DUTY. 

The human body is a mechanical instrument, but 
far more complex and delicate than any piece of ma- 
chinery ever constructed by human hands. It is 
placed within our control and we are responsible for 
ITS PRESERVATION to the extent of our ability. It is 
the locomotive upon the track of huwoan destiny^ we 
are the engineers. 

Several sj^stems, one within another, and all won- 
derfully connected and inter-dependent, ' complete 



4 INTRODUeTION. 

the structure of our bodies. The bony system is the 
framework and is generally called the skeleton. It 
contains 240 bones, (sometimes three or four more,) 
and can best be studied with the aid of the bones 
themselves, held in place by artificial means. If a 
skeleton is not accessible, however, a physiological 
chart or diagram of the skeleton will convey a good 
idea of it. The bones give form to the body, serve 
to protect important organs, and are the levers or 
passive organs of locomotion. 

The MUSCULAR SYSTEM IS composcd of about 400 
muscles, which may be called the active organs of lo- 
comotion. They comprise the lean meat of the body, 
and can ^est be studied with the aid of the manikin, 
(an artificial model of the human body,) or in the dis- 
secting room by the aid of the body itself after life is 
extinct. 

Besides the 400 distinct muscles, a muscular coat 
is found in the walls of the stomach, alimentary canal, 
arteries and veins. The muscles are all endowed 
with power to contract under the influence of the 
nerves. The muscles are so packed and arranged as 
to give, when fully developed, the greatest symmetry 
of form, rapidity and grace of motion. 

The NERVOUS SYSTEM compriscs the brain, spinal 
cord and nerves. The brain is contained within the 
skull and weighs above three pounds. It seems to be 
an immense battery for the production of nervous 
power that puts the whole machinery in motion. 
There are also in various parts of the body several 
relay batteries, or nervous centers, called "ganglia.'* 
The spinal cord extends from the brain through the 
entire length of the back. Its structure is similar to 
that of the brain, of which it seems to be a prolonga- 
tion. 

The nerves are counted by thousands, yet they are 



INTRODUCTION. 6 

all included in forty pairs ; nine pairs communicating 
directly with the brain and thirty-one pairs with the 
spinal cord. They serve to communicate nervous pow- 
er from the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the 
system, and also to convey to the brain and spinal 
cord all sensations that may be received by the organs 
of sense. They are so numerous and closely set that 
if all other parts of the body were removed except the 
nerves, the human form would still be preserved. 

The nervous system can be further studied by the 
use of anatomical books, charts and careful dis- 
sections. 

The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM includcs the lungs and air 
passages. The lungs are sometimes called lights^ be- 
cause, when not diseased, they float in water. As the 
fins of a fish imply water, and the eye light, so the 
lungs imply air, and are useless without it. They 
are two in number and are called the right and left 
lung. The right lung is divided into three parts, 
called "lobes," and the left into two lobes. 

This division of the lungs into right and left, and 
further into lobes, is like separating the parts of a 
large and valuable block of buildings with division 
walls, so that the whole may not be destroyed in case 
of fire, or accident, to one of the parts. The heart 
and lungs fill the entire cavity of the chest, and are 
called vitals, or vital organs, on account of their im- 
portance to life. They are covered with the ribs for 
better protection. 

The oflSce of the lungs is to decarbonize and oxy- 
genate the blood. It is estimated that they throw 
off from the blood 14 oz. of carbon every 24 hours, 
and convey to the blood 37 oz. of oxygen in the same 
time. When their office is by any means suspended, 
the person becomes unconscious within three min- 
utes, and within fifteen minutes dies. 



6 iNTRODtJCTION. 

The form, size, color and position of the kings are 
well shown by the manikin ; but their minute struc- 
ture can only be correctly studied in the dissecting 
room with the aid of the microscope. The capacity 
of the lungs for air may be tested with the spirometer. 
The lungs of the cow or calf obtained of the butcher, 
may be readily inflated, if suflicient care be used by 
the butcher in removing them. It is an interesting 
experiment. They may be preserved in alcohol. Good 
descriptions and diagrams of the lungs may be found 
in Gray's Anatomy. 

The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM comprises the heart, ar- 
teries, capillaries and veins. The blood flows out- 
ward from the left side of the heart through the ar- 
teries to the capillaries and back through the veins to 
the heart. As this occurs throughout the system it 
is called the systemic circulation. From all parts of 
the system the blood is received by the right side of 
the heart and conveyed to the lungs for purification. 
After being aerated in the lungs, it is returned to the 
left side of the heart and enters again the systemic 
circulation. The circulation through the lungs is 
called the pulmonic circulation. The distribution of 
blood to the liver, where it undergoes an important 
change, is sometimes called the portal circulation, al- 
though it does not of itself form a complete circuit. 
The sj'-stemic, pulmonic, and portal circulation are all 
embraced in the general term "circulation of the 
blood." The blood is the common carrier of waste 
and supply in the system. When it ceases to move 
the vital machinery stops ; hence the importance of 
keeping up the circulation. The blood moves under 
the control of the nervous power, acting upon the 
muscular walls of the hearty arteries and veins. The 
pulsations of the heart are distinctly felt in the radial 
artery at the wrist two inches above the ball of the 



INTRODUCTION. / 

- thumb. The blood flows in some of the larger ves- 
sels one foot in a second, and completes its entire cir- 
cuit in about three minutes. In the arteries it flows 
irregularly, spirting from an open vessel at every beat 
of the pulse, but from an open vein it flows in a 
steady stream. Profuse bleeding may generally be 
stopped by steady compression upon the wounded 
vessel for fifteen or twenty minutes ; but in some 
cases it may be necessary to appl}^ a ligature. 

The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, moTC commouly called di- 
gestive apparatus, includes the entire alimentary 
canal and its appendages. The alimentary canal 
extends fVom the mouth to the lower part of the bowels. 
ai The principle appendages are the teeth, salivary 
glands, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and 
mesenteric glands. The digestive apparatus, except 
the mouth and esophagus, is situated in the abdomen. 
To have a correct idea of the form, size and position 
of these organs you should view the manikin, or make 
post-mortem examinations. 

The oflEice of the digestive system is to comminute 
and prepare the food for the mysterious construction 
and repair of the human body. 

The ELIMINATING ORGANS are the skin, the lungs, 
the bowels, and the kidneys. Their office as elimi- 
nating organs, is to throw off waste and effete mat- 
ter. Half of the waste of the system passes through 
llie skin. If the action of one of these organs is ob- 
structed, as of the skin by taking cold, then an ad- 
ditional burden is thrown upon one or more of the 
other eliminating organs, which soon becomes dis- 
eased from overtaxation. The health of each organ 
and of the entire body can be secured and main- 
tained only BY OBSERVING THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS 
OF HEALTH, AND AVOIDING THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 



8 KEY TO DTJTTON'S fiCHOGL CHARTS. 

To this end we should bring to bear the whole force 
of our moral nature. 

The conditions of health and causes of disease are 
given in sixty words upon the School Charts of the 
author, and for convenience are here inserted in full. 



BUTTON'S SCHOOL CHAETS. 

No. 1. 

CONDITIONS OE HEALTH. 

1. SYMMETRY OF FORM. 

2. FREEDOM OF BODY. 

3. PURITY OF AIR. 

4. ADAPTATION OF FOOD. 

5. CLEANLINESS OF PERSON- 

6. REGULARITY OF EXERCISE. 

7. PRACTICE OF TEMPERANCE. 

8. INFLUENCE OF SUNLIGHT. 

9. TRANQUILITY OF MIND. 
10. RECTITUDE OF PURPOSE. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by Geo. 
Button, M. D.y in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton. 



KEy TO PUTTON'S SCHOOL CHARTS. 



BUTTON'S SCHOOL CHAETS. 

No. 2. 

CAUSES OF DISEASE. 

1. DEPRAVITY OF ORGANIZATIOISr. 

2. ERRORS OF DIET. 

3. ACTION OF POISONS. 

4. EXTREMES OF EXERCISE. 

5. EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. 

6. INDULGENCE OF PASSIONS. 

7. DISAPPOINTMENTS OF LIFE. 

8. WANT OF SUNLIGHT. 

9. IRREGULARITY OF HABITS. 
10. EFFECTS OF IN^JURIES. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by Geo. 
Button, M. D., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton. 



10 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 



EXPLANATIONS OF THE CHARTS. 

NO. 1.— CONDITIONS OF HEALTH. 

1. Symmetry of form. 

Symmetry is harmony of parts, or correct pro- 
portion. It is the basis of health and beauty ; and is 
to a considerable extent under the control of the in- 
dividual will. The law of symmetry applied to the 
human body requires a good development of the 
LUNGS AND MUSCLES. This Can be best accomplished 
by the daily and judicious use of them. 

"Labor, all labor is noble and holy." "There is a 
perennial nobleness and even sacredness in work ; in 
idleness alone, is there perpetual despair." 

In sedentary employments, time for recreation, 
manly sports, gymnastics and calisthenics, will be re- 
quired. Regular exercises in singing, and the daily 
practice of deep and full voluntary respirations, will 
assist in developing the lungs. In breathing exer- 
cises, KEEP THE MOUTH CLOSED ; the uostrils are the 
proper avenue to the lungs. 

The law of •S3^mmetry further requires an erect fig- 
ure, an exact correspondence of the right and left 
sides of the bod}^, and a close approximation to the 
following ideal or type of the human form. 

The ideal or type of the symmetrical human form, 
gives the geometrical ratio of two and two-tenths 
between the following numbers, which form a regular 
geometrical series, viz : the weight of the person in 
pounds, his height in inches, and the measure in 
inches around the waist, neck, wrist and middle finger. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 11 

The form can be changed greatly by training and 
diet. 

The law of symmetry is violated by compressing 
the waist of infants and youth with bandages, stays, 
and corsets, by allowing the child to sleep or lie more 
upon one side than the other ; by sitting, or lying 
in stooping postures that induce unnatural curvatures 
of the spine, by taking excessive quantities of food or 
drink, that distend unduly the stomach and bowels, 
and by neglecting healthful exercise which is always 
essential to healthy development. 

2. Freedom of body. 

The law of freedom forbids the use of any article of 
clothing that compresses the body in any part or 
interferes in any manner with the circulation of the 
blood, or the process of respiration. 

It is violated by wearing tight dresses, corsets, pad- 
ding, elastics, tight collars or neckcloths, tight vests, 
tight boots, pants and skirts without suspenders, etc. 

Tight lacing has been the cause of much suffering 
and premature death. Consumption, palpitation, 
spitting of blood, vertigo, blindness and insanity are 
some of the more common consequences of tight lac- 
ing. It is generally indulged from the belief that it 
makes the form more elegant, but such belief can rest 
only in ignorance. No sensible person admires a 
slender waist. It tells of sickness, debility, peevish- 
ness, and premature death. The natural waist, in 
loose garments is most admired. It tells of health, 
joy, beautiful and healthy offspring and a happy old 
age. But it is still a mooted question in what tight 
lacing consists. The most hopeless victim of tight 
lacing will generally insist that she has always worn 
her clothing loose ; "can scarcely bear it to touch 
her,'' although the elasticity of the chest has been 
entirely destroyed, and the ribs overlap the breast 



12 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

bone. The measure for garments worn around the 
chest can be taken properly only when the lungs are 
fully injlated. 

Padding to round out the form tends to increase 
the deformity it is intended to conceal. 

Freedom from any restraint or compression is as 
necessary to the symmetrical growth of the human 
body as of the most tender plant or vine. 

3. Purity of air. 

Cities, towns and villages have sometimes been al- 
most depopulated by reason of unwholesome air, 
bearing contagion upon its wings. Now the impor- 
tance of pure air will be seen when we reflect that 
although we can live for days without food, we can- 
not live many minutes without air. 

To show how rapidly the blood grows impure with- 
out the action of the lungs, attempt to hold the 
breath by closing the mouth and nostrils for half a 
minute. No force of will is sufficient to continue the 
experiment long. It would quickly prove fatal. The 
exhalations from our lungs are charged with carbonic 
acid gas and animal effluvia that are highly injurious 
if respired. The vegetable world has power to ap- 
propriate these substances in our breath to its own 
use and return pure air to man ; hence the need of 
ventilation or an interchange of air between the ani- 
mal and vegetable kingdom. Plants will not flourish 
in a sickly or foul atmosphere. 

The old method of open chimnej^s, was quite 
efficient in removing the foul air that comes from the 
lungs ; but modern methods of heating our rooms 
with air-tight stoves and furnaces are decidedly ob- 
jectionable without a more effective mode of ven- 
tilation. The gas from our lungs is heavier than the 
surrounding atmosphere, and must be carried off from 
some point below the level of our heads. It can be 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 13 

made to rise and ascend a flue only by means of a 
strong current ; and such a current can be produced 
and sustained only in two ways, either by utilizing 
the wind by means of a chimney-top ventilator, or by 
means of heat within the apartments. The wind is 
too inconstant to be depended upon at all times, and 
we must rely mainly upon heat to sustain an upward 
current. Fresh air can be admitted to the upper part 
of the room, w^here it can be sifted in through a screen 
or small orifices, and so mingle with the warmer air 
of the room before it descends as to be almost imper- 
ceptible to the occupants, by conveying it through 
the walls and ceiling of the room from some point 
without, near the level of the floor. Such a design 
prevents the heated air from escaping through the 
fresh air pipes. 

But there are many other sources of impurity of air 
besides the exhalations from our lungs. Some of the 
most deadly forms of fever have been traced directly 
to a neglected drain or water closet. All organic 
matter, animal or vegetable, becomes unwholesome 
when left to decay, and especially so if left in the 
cellar or apartments of our houses. Eternal vigilance 
is not only the price of liberty but the guardian of 
our health. The fumes or gas from burning charcoal 
and the gas used for the illumination of cities, are 
poisonous and in close rooms fatal to life. 

4. Adaptation of food. 

The amount and quality of food required depends 
upon the climate, the age and occupation of the in- 
dividual. In cold climates more fatty matter and 
animal food is consumed ; while within the tropics 
the best diet is purely vegetable. It is still a question 
whether the greatest degree of health and happiness 
is reached in temperate climates, by subsisting in 
part upon animal food. Animal food is more stim- 



14 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

ulating, and for this reason sometimes recommended 
by physicians ; but it gives a great tendency to in- 
flammatory disorders and fevers. 

A good vegetable diet, chiefly of fruits and grains, 
afibrds the best protection against disease. The chyle 
formed from vegetable food resists the putrefactive 
T)rocess for days, when exposed to the atmosphere, 
while that formed from animal food and thus exposed 
becomes putrid in a few hours. 

Many cogent reasons for a strictly vegetable diet 
are given in Beach's Family Practice. The length 
of the alimentary canal in man and the structure of 
his teeth indicate a mixed diet ; yet we must bear in 
mind that the structure may be changed by a change 
of diet, and so we leave the question open. 

The involuntary motions of life require a certain 
definite amount of food ; for it is a law of mechanics 
that the production of force requires a waste of ma- 
terial. In the steam engine there is a waste of wood 
and coal. To this definite amount of nourishment 
required to sustain the involuntary motions of life, we 
must add extra nourishment for growth in childhood 
and to sustain all voluntary motion in labor and exer- 
cise. Now this adjustment of material for nutrition is 
best regulated by a natural and healthy appetite, kept 
subject to the dictates of reason. The danger lies 
chiefly in the directiou of excess ; for the gnawing of 
-hunger rarely fails to secure attention. 

In general, food is not excessive in quantity if it 
does not cloy the appetite, or prevent a relish for food 
at the next regular hour for meals. As to quality of 
food ; if the appetite be natural, the sense of taste 
and smell will enable us to select that best adapted 
to our use ; but vitiated appetites descend from parent 
to child. 

The art of cooking has been carried to a ruinous 



KEY TO DUTTON'S SCHOOL CHARTS. 15 

extent and natural appetites suffer a total wreck. In 
this condition of affairs we can only appeal to reason 
and intelligence. The most healthful liquid on the 
globe is loathed by men accustomed to strong drinks. 
So food best adapted to man may be rejected by a 
vitiated appetite. The true art of cooking consists 
in simply boiling, broiling, roasting or baking the 
plain dishes provided by nature. Hunger is the best 
sauce. 

As to the time for eating, a wise man once said, 
"the time for a rich man to eat is when he can get an 
appetite ; but for a poor man, when he can get food." 
To eat before we are hungry or drink before we are 
thirsty, is the fool's rule. Three meals per day at 
regular hours is probably best for those engaged in 
active manual labor. For sedentar}'' occupations, two 
meals per day, and in some cases one, would probably 
be better. Some d3'speptics have been cured by 
taking only one meal per day, and others by eating 
little and often at regular intervals. 

Drinks. — Water is necessary to give fluidity to the 
blood, but unless perspiring freely, we shall require 
very little more than is contained in our ordinary 
food. A very large proportion of some fruits and 
vegetables is water. To be healthful the water that 
we drink must be free from any deleterious sub- 
stances. Soft spring water, or rain water nicely 
filtered, is best for drinking. Hard and impure 
w^aters may be greately improved by boiling and fil- 
tering. 

Water may generall3' be considered pure when it is 
perfectly clear, has no disagreeable taste or smell and 
easily and readily unites with soap for washing. 

5. Cleanliness of person. 

"Cleanliness," said an eminent clergyman, "is next 
to godliness." The waste and effete matter that 



16 KEY TO DUTTGN'S SCHOOL CHARTS. 

passes through the pores of the skin with the i)orspir- 
ation, if allowed to accumulate in the clothing and 
upon the skin for many days, will become the abode of 
troublesome vermin and cause obstinate skin diseases. 
For this and other reasons, some eastern nations 
make ablutions a part of their religious duty. The 
definition of dirt, as given by the philosopher, is 
"matter out of place.'' Now every animal has its 
natural habitat ; and vermin live in filth and dirt. 
They only attack those persons who allow their bod- 
ies to become filthy by uncleanliness and gross 
habits. Buzzards will watch a sick horse for days 
before its death that they may prey upon its body. 
"Where the carcase is, thither will the eagles be 
gathered together." The law of cleanliness requires 
frequent ablutions and change of apparel. The teeth 
can be kept in a healtlw condition only by cleansing 
them thoroughly at the close of every meal with pick 
and brush, soft water, and occasionally, soap. 

The feet require daily ablutions, and the entire 
surface of the body, a thorough bath once or twice 
per week. A basin of water, a good towel, and a lit- 
tle soap, are all that is necessary to take a bath. The 
water can be best applied with the hand, and in a 
comfortable room the hand-bath is always safe. In 
taking the hand-bath, a part only of the body, or 
limbs, should be wet at first and rubbed dry and warm 
before the water is applied to any other part. This 
may be called the poor man's bath, because alwaj^s 
accessible and free. 

It may be taken on rising in the morning, or re- 
tiring at night, at the close of severe and protracted 
exercise, or any other hour of convenience or pleasure, 
if it be not too long neglected. 

The cold bath varies in temperature from 40^ Fah- 
renheit, to 60^ ; the warm bath from 82"=^ to 100® 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 17 

Fahrenheit; and the hot bath from 100^ to llo^:* 
Fahrenheit, The cold bath is considered a stimulant 
and tonic, but is applicable only to persons of robust 
constitution and vigorous health. Even the robust 
cannot safel}^ use the cold bath after violent and fatigu- 
ing exercise. It rapidly diminishes the animal heat. 
The cold bath should rarely exceed one -or two min- 
utes ; the warm bath may be indulged longer. A 
bath of any kind properly taken is never followed by 
chills. The hot bath is chiefly applicable in cases of 
disease, to relax spasms, remove pain, cramp and 
strictures, under the advice of a physician. 

For bathing in the river, lake or ocean, two or three 
hours after dinner is the best time. The bath should 
be preceded by moderate exercise and not protracted 
beyond two or three minutes. Fever sores and other 
grave maladies arise from protracted river bathing. 

6. Eegularity of exercise. 

"In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread," is 
the divine injunction. There is no substitute for 
exercise ; and without it we may not hope to enjoy 
good health. Action is the manifestation of life ; 
stagnation the condition of death. We retain our 
faculties and powers only on condition that we make 
judicious use of them. Rust corrodes the steel if long 
unused ; and the brighte^st luminary of the sky is un- 
ceasing in his daily journey. Action and regularity 
are the two great secrets of a happy life. 

In a well regulated home, regularity marks the 
hours of sleep, food and labor. When duly enlight- 
ened, we shall labor from choice and not from neces- 
sity. "Employment is nature's physician, and is 
essential to human happiness." Galen. 

7. Practice of temperance. 

This condition of health implies self control. "He 
that controls his own spirit is greater than he that ' 



18 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

taketh a city." Health and cheerfulness are the off- 
spring of temperance. Temperance -implies the 
moderate use of our faculties, and the moderate in- 
dulgence of our natural appetites and passions. 
"The man of moderation culls the flowers of every 
healthful gratification without dwelling upon it until 
the flavor be lost : he tastes the sweets of eveiy 
pleasure without pursuing it till the bitter dregs rise : 
whereas the intemperate man dips so deep as to stir 
up an imjDure and noxious sediment that lies at the 
bottom of the cup." 

"O, temperance," says Sir William Temple, "thou 
physician of the soul as well as the bocl}^, the best 
guardian of j'outh and support of old age, the tutelar 
goddess of health and universal medicine of life !'' 

Hippocrates (who has been called the father of 
medicine) observed, that if a man eats sparingl}'' and 
drinks little he is nearly certain of bringing no disease 
upon himself ; and Dr. Che3'ne imputes most of the 
infirmites of old age and short lives to repletion, or 
intemperance. We are told that Arsenius, tutor to 
the emperor Arcadius reached the age of 120 years, 
by eating only 12oz. of bread per day, and drinking 
only water. Lewis Cornaro, of Venice, lived on 
nearly the same amount, 12oz. per day of solid food, 
and for fift}^ years enjoyed an uninterrupted flow of 
health. He lived to see his 100th year, although at 
38 he was on the verge of the grave by reason of in- 
temperance. Spirituous liquors are so universally 
condemned by all moralitj^ and virtue, by the wise 
and good everywhere that we need only say in this 
connection, that the law of temperance implies total 
abstinence from all intoxicating drinks. Water alone, 
is the purest and most wholesome beverage. 

The drinking of spirituous liquors has proved so 
destructive of health and happiness, and so largely 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 19 

the cause of crime and poverty, that abstaining from 
intoxicating drinks is sometimes thought to be the 
fulfihnent of the requirement of temperance. But the 
practice of temperance requires that we keep the 
golden mean in eating, drinking, and working, that 
will give us the spirit of joy and gladness ; a mod- 
erate and wholesome restraint upon all our appetites 
and passions. 
"Healthy by temperance and by exercise, 
His life, though long, to sickness passed unknown." 

8. Influence of sunlight. 

The importance of light may be seen by the con- 
dition of plants grown in the dark. Healthy organic 
action is impossible without light. Plants grown in 
the dark are always pale and sickly. The vital ac- 
tivity of all vegetation is diminished by excluding the 
light. Within the tropics, where the rays of the sun 
are most direct, we find the foliage more luxuriant, 
the petals of flowers and plumage of birds, more 
highly colored, and the juices and aroma of plants 
more pungent and penetrating. The eggs of frogs 
will not hatch in the dark ; and the larvae of silkworms 
are developed with difficulty in a darkened room. 

The power of the sun may be realized when we re- 
flect upon the immense masses of wood and water 
that are daily raised by its action from the earth, 
while the vast forests are growing, and the water of 
all the rivers that run to the sea is lifted in clouds. 

In the barracks at St. Petersburg, the mortality 
was greater by 100 per cent, on the dark side of the 
buildings ; and similar results of excluding the light 
have been observed in cities. The light of the sun is 
one of the essential conditions of health. 

9. Tranquility of mind. 

This and the following condition of health may be 
thought by many inapplicable. Bat when we reflect 



20 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

that the whole vital machinery is under the direct 
control of the nervous power ; that bad news instantl^^ 
destro3's the appetite ; that grief corrodes like canker ; 
and fear drives the blood from the surface and gives the 
pallor of death ; we must admit that self-composure Is 
conducive to health. By thorougli culture and efQcient 
discipline the mind may be prepared to meet the trials, 
afflictions, and disappointments of life with equan- 
imity. 

10. Rectitude of purpose. 

In all things the moral and physical laws of man 
harmonize and agree. Moral instruction is most 
readily received and obeyed by a person who carries 
a pure and healthy body ; and on the other hand a 
vicious and depraved moral nature leads to the deg- 
radation and destruction of the body. Whatever 
tends to beautify and adorn the mind, tends also to 
the perfection and preservation of the plwsical organ- 
ization. "The mind is a sculptor, and is ever chisel- 
ing away at the features, till a man's very bone and 
muscle become as his thought." We are everywhere 
surrounded by temptation, and nothing but firm prin- 
ciple can steer the trail bark of life to a peaceful and 
happy termination. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHAKTS. 21 



CHART No. 2.— CAUSES OF DISEASE. 

The proverb, "forewarned, forearmed," expresses 
the value of timely knowledged when exposed to 
danger. Our health, and even life is always tlius ex- 
posed ; and a knowledge of the causes of disease 
will serve to fortify us against it. Socrates main- 
tained that a man could not know virtue and not 
practice it, so lovely and beneficial did it appear. 
Happy would it be for man, had he the wisdom of 
Socrates, and could know virtue, the blessings of 
health and the causes of disease. 

♦'Then would the reign of truth commence on eartli, 
And starting fresh, as from a second birth, 
Man, in the sunshine of the world's new spring, 
Would walk transparent like some holy thing.'* 

1. Depravity of organization. 

This implies that a strong tendency to disease is 
entailed upon offspring by the misconduct of parents. 
Deformit}^, consumption, scrofula, blindness, and 
even idiocy, is sometimes stamped upon the infant 
germ before its birth. Such disease is called con- 
genital or hereditary ; and is rery difficult of removal. 

The popular idea however, that all hereditary dis- 
ease is incurable is a popular error. A strict regimen 
and the fulfilment of the conditions of health will 
soon, in every case, remove all painful and dis- 
tressing symptons ; and every trace of the disease may 
be thus removed in two or three generations. Nature 
forbids us to suffer long except for our own miscon- 
duct ; yet the thought that the fruits of error will be 
perceived in our offspring should stimulate us to cor- 
rect livinsf. 



22 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

2. Errors of diet. 

Diet does not mean starvation ; but implies a regi- 
men ; such rational and methodical use of food and 
drink as will ensure the most perfect state of health, 
and afford the fullest enjo3^ment of life. 

''The best means of preventing disease and recover- 
ing health," says Dr. Beach, "consists, principally, in 
a well regulated diet and regimen." 

"All who have abused their stomachs," says Dr. 
Mott, "will assuredly be brought to an account of it 
sooner or later.'* "I have seen," says an eminent 
author, "nearly every form of chronic disease, after 
resisting almost every kind of medical treatment for 
months and years, 3ield, in a very short time, to a 
correct diet, and a well regulated general regimen. 

"When I behold a fashionable table, fully set, I 
fancy that I see gouts and dropsies, fevers and lethar- 
gies, with innumerable distempers, lying in ambus- 
cade among the dishes." 

It is an error to suppose that it matters little what 
w^e eat. The eating of raw and diseased pork may 
fill pur flesh with trichinae and terminate our lives 
with loathsome disease. 

In rearing domestic animals, the question of food 
is oneof acknowledged importance. It is well known to 
horsemen that heavy feed of Indian meal will quickly 
; spoil the nimble courser that stands unused in his 
stall ; but is well adapted for heavy teaming ; and the 
•dair3'man knows how to improve the quality and 
•quantity of the butter and milk by supplying certain 
kinds of food to his cows. Bees also make better 
honey from white clover than almost any other flower. 
These facts are significant to man. Fed upon pork 
and salt fish he will be a different animal and occupy 
a different sphere from the man who feeds upon fruits 
and grains. Having chosen our food with reference 



IIEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 23 

to the end desired, we come next to errors in cooking, 
of which we have spoken in connection with the pre- 
vious chart ; but some of Vy'hich should be mentioned 
here. 

It is an error to mix lard or butter, with flour. The 
stomach itself has no power to digest fatt}^ matter. 
Oils and fat are broken up or dissolved only in con- 
nection with the pancreatic juice, which enters the 
alimentary canal about three inches below the stom- 
ach ; consequently the cake, or crust, that can only 
be digested in the stomach, is rendered indigestible 
by being encased in fat, and thus in a manner smug- 
gled through the stomach. 

Another error of culinary art is the practice of sea- 
soning food ; thus perAcrting the appetite. High 
seasoning may serve to conceal an error in properly 
selecting healthy food, but can serve no useful pur- 
pose in the economy of health. 

The natural taste and flavor of the food itself is far 
sweeter to a natural and healthy appetite. Still 
another error of cooking is the excessive use of butter 
and sugar. These articles, as furnished b}' nature, 
would probably never be used to excess ; but concen- 
trated by artificial means as they appear upon our 
tables, they become seductive. The cook is respon- 
sible for the loss of many an appetite. Soda and 
saleratus neutralize and destroy the juices of the 
stomach. In view of these errors some one re- 
marked, "God sent our food, and the devil sent the 
cook." 

Some of the other more common errors of diet are, 
eating without noticing the taste of our food ; swal- 
lowing our food before it is properly comminuted and 
mixed with the saliva of the mouth ; drinking too 
largely to distend the stomach and dilute its juices ; 
drinking ice-water that chills the stomach, and hot 



24 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

drinks that scald it ; drinking strong tea and coffee, 
malt and distilled liquors ; eating at irregular hours ; 
and eating to excess. The stomach will ordinarily 
contain about one pint and a half. If inordinately 
distended it will hardly ever regain its usual tone 
and vigor. Regular rations are most conducive to 
health. 

3. Action of poisons. 

A poison is a substance whose nature is hostile to 
animal life ; and which tends when introduced within 
the healthy body, even in minute quantity, to impair 
health and abridge the natural period of existence. 

"Do not counteract the living principle," was the 
request of Napoleon I. of his physicians. 

Poisons are sometimes given as medicines but their 
use is often questionable and liable to abuse. Their 
tendency is to kill, or destroy life, and they can only 
properly be used when necessary to diminish sensi- 
bility or to kill animalcules that may infest the blood 
or body ; and even then are to be used with caution. 
An overdose may do irreparable injury. 

Mercury, antimony, lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, 
and their numerous compounds, are poisons from the 
mineral kingdom. There are also many others. 
The number of known vegetable poisons exceeds a 
hundred. (See "poisons,'* in Medical Dictionary.) 
Twenty-one kinds of salt water fish are known to be 
poisonous, besid'es the clam and lobster, which are 
poisonous to some persons. Then we have the 
venom of poisonous serpents and insects, the bite of 
rabid animals, and the virus of small pox and other 
forms of contagious diseases. All disease is more or 
less contagious. The law of contagion may be stated 
mathematically as follows, viz : a disease is contagious 
in direct proportion to its malignanc}^, and in in- 
verse proportion to the purity of blood and power of 



KEY TO DUTTON S SCHOOL CHARTS. %) 

vitality of the person exposed. The flesh of animals 
antl all other organic substances are subject to cleca^' 
antl putrefaction, and may thus become unwholesome 
and even dangerous when taken into the stomach. 
Vigilance and intelligence are both required in select- 
ing wholesome food. 

Ergot, or spurred r3'e, is an active poison and 
should be carefully separated from the rye before 
grinding. 

Colored candies, cough medicines, hair dyes, and 
vermifuges, frequently contain poison and should be 
used with caution. A poison has the same effect upon 
the human system whether dealt out by the physician 
or the assassin. 

Common salt is in its nature poisonous. 

Dr. Christison, of London, England, relates two 
instances where large doses of common salt proved 
fatal. 

One was the case of a lady who took half a pound 
as a vermifuge. 

The farmer is familiar with the fact that salt kills 
birds, fowls, grass, and many kinds of vegetable 
growth, yet he sows it upon his field to improve the 
crop. This it sometimes does by destroying the in- 
sects and worms. Salt is not hurtful to asparagus 
and other plants whose habitat is in or near the sea. 

It should be used occasionally as a medicine and 
not as a common article of diet. 

Adulteration is another source of poisoning. 

Many a poisonous draught called cider, or brandy, 
does not contain a single drop of those liquids. 
Alchohol is a poison, and the word " intoxicate," 
which is used to designate its effect on the human 
system, sig-nifies poisordng^. 

The use of spirituous liquors as a beverage will be 
shunned by all intelligent persons. Crime and dis- 



26 KEY TO DUTTON's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

ease pursue along their track. Tobacco is a poison. 
Blindness, paralj'sis, cancer and loss of manhood are 
some of the fatal consequences of its use. 

4. Extremes of exercise. 

Daily and moderate exercise is essential to good 
health, but extremes are causes of disease. Indo- 
lence and overtaxation are the extremes. Prudence 
and discretion in the sports and labors of youth 
promise long life. A man of a hundred years, in 
reply to the question, how he kept his youthful vigor, 
said : "By being old when I was young I find myself 
young now I am old." 

Another who enjoyed a happy old age, said : "By 
not forgetting to obey my Maker when I was young 
He does not forget me in my old age." Live, young 
man, for a hundred years. Work, and work daily ; 
call every muscle of the body, if possible, into action 
once or more every twenty-four hours, remembering 
that action is the proper manifestation of life, but do 
not at the same time forget that the god-like faculty 
of reason is thine, to control every action of body or 
mind. 

5. Extremes of Temperature. 

Frosts .and burns equally disorganize the human 
flesh. Healthy organic action cannot be easily 
and long maintained in a temperature above 90*^ 
Fahrenheit, or below 40^ ; yet these limits may be 
varied somewhat' by the amount of moisture in the 
air. A dry atmosphere does not so readily affect 
organic life as a moist one. Vapor or water is a 
much better conducter of heat or cold than air or gas. 
65 to 75 '^ Fall, is the proper and most desirable tem- 
perature for our sitting and sleeping rooms. Every 
family and school can afford a good thermometer. 
Aged people and infants require 10 or 15^ more heat 
than healthy adults. Exercise warms the body by in- 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHAKTS. 27 

creasing the activity of the circulation and is prefer- 
able to artificial heat. Violent exercise sometimes 
melts down the cell structure of the blood and brain 
and proves fatal to health and even life. This melt- 
ing of the cells is called sunstroke ^ and sometimes oc- 
curs in very hot weather by the direct rays of the sun, 
without violent exercise. Persons of enfeebled vi- 
tality are most exposed to sunstroke as the}^ are to al- 
most all other forms of disease. Sitting without 
active exercise in a room whose temperature is below 
65*^ Fah. is often productive of disease. A chill de- 
stroys the life of the blood. By some means keep 
comfortably warm at all times. 

6. Indulgence of passions. 

"Very few persons," says a distinguished lecturer, 
"have any adequate idea of the terribly depressing 
and injurious influences of our passions upon the 
heart and organs of the circulation." 

Of these depressing passions, the chief are anger, 
envy, jealousy, lust, revenge, and excessive ambition. 
They are indulged to our injur}^ Said Wolsey, to 
his servant Cromwell, "I charge thee, fling away am- 
bition ; by that sin fell the angels." Caesar in the 
senate chamber, met death at the hand of his friend, 
because of his ambition. Hannibal and Napoleon 
found the reward of their ambition in exile,, and Sid- 
ney upon the scaffold. Yet ambition is sometimes 
lauded b}^ poets and statesmen. Not so the base, 
fell passions of anger and lust. These are to be de- 
precated alwa3^s. John Hunter, the celebrated sur- 
geon of England, flew into a furious passion and in- 
stantly fell dead. Lord Chatham, of the British Par- 
liament, arose to speak in a towering passion and fell 
down in a swoon, from which he never recovered. It 
is dangerous to get angry. Grief also, cannot be in- 



28 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

dulged with impunit}^ ; it corrodes like canker and 
slowly but surely kills. 

The "breaking of the heart'' is not a mere figure. 
Many a person has fallen dead under the effect of 
some uncontrollable emotion. George the II. of Eng- 
land and Ezekiel; the brother of Daniel Webster, are 
noted exam.ples. The heart actually bursts under the 
effect of violent nervous power. 

On the other hand the moral sentiments, love, hope, 
and charity not only sweeten and adorn the social 
life, but promote the health and strength of the body. 
The great Architect of the human body and Author 
of the soul, allures us to the good by sweet and sure 
rewards, and goads us from the evil by pain, loss of 
health, and danger of death. The moral and the 
physical are never properly dissociated. 

We come now to that passion which more than all 
others, through excessive indulgence and error, under- 
mines the health and robs the earth of beauty and 
loveliness. The sexual passion is, in itself, pure and 
holy, as is the appetite for food. The latter was im- 
planted in our systems to continue our individual life ; 
the former, to continue the life of the race. In either, 
the highest happiness is gained by the strictest tem- 
perance ; by subjecting the appetite to reason ; the 
lower to the higher. 

The appetite for food appears with the dawn of ex- 
istence ; sexual attraction under proper regimen, only 
at maturity of the body. Each can be safely indulged 
only with reference to the end that nature seeks to 
gain ; the support and health of the body on the one 
hand, and the continuance of the race on the other. 
But blind and erring man seeks personal gratification 
as an end, instead of obedience to Heaven's kind be- 
hests ; and thus brings blight upon the fairest fo'.vers, 



KEY TO DUTTO i's SCHOOL CHARTS. 29 

sickness, deformity, inBanity, idiocy and premature 
death. Rich and stiirulating food, oysters, spices, 
wines and all alcoholic drinks, serves to inflame the 
animal passions bej^ond control. We must watch 
and control them all, if we would have sweet health 
and happiness. 

7. Disappointments of life. 

The hazards and anxieties of trade, the loss of 
property and vexations of poverty, haste to be rich, 
and gloomy religious views, are frightful causes of 
disease of the heart, stomach and brain. Disappoint- 
ment of any kind is depressing to the vital influ- 
ence ; as when we look with high hope of excellence 
and find depravity ; but the disapointment of love is 
perhaps most keenly felt. Many a young maiden 
has gone down to an early grave from no other ap- 
parent cause than misplaced confidence and disap- 
pointment. '^Keep thy heart with all dilligence for 
out of it are the issues of life." 

All are doomed to disappointment more or less in 
this life, by reason of its imperfections, contrasted 
with the bright ideal that draws us ever on. Sorrow 
and affliction come to all. Trials and difficulties 
must be borne by all and often alone. No friend, 
save the Invisible, treads all our paths with us and 
assists to bear our burdens. 

But we can fortify the mind by large culture, 
until we shall possess our souls in patience. Seem- 
ing defeats oft prove our greatest victories. 

8. Want of sunlight. 

Healthy organic action is possible only in the daily 
influence of light. All plants grown in the dark be- 
come etiolated and sick]3^ So it is with the organ- 
ization of man. Darkness enfeebles and predisposes 
to disease. The Russian government, some 3'ears ago 



30 KEY TO DUTTON's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

abandoued two of their largest hospitals ; they ^ye^e 
found to be so unhealthy on account of their shady 
situation. Our cities are faulty in this respect. Large 
blocks of buildings, high walls, and narrow streets, 
effectual I3' exclude the light. In the country the 
careful housewife excludes the light with shades 
and blinds to save the artificial color of car- 
pets, and keep out the flies, thus immuring her 
household in the darkness and gloom of dungeons, 
and paving the way for disease. Better exclude the 
inmates of the house, or admit theiight. Shade trees 
standing so near our dwellings, as to exclude the light 
are unfavorable to health. Light, air, and exercise, 
are the three best medicines. "Where the sun comes 
not the ph^'Sician must." 

9. Irregularity of habits. 

It is sometimes said that man is a bundle of habits ; 
so prone is he to do as he has been accustomed to 
do. For this reason alone — the sake of habit — we 
should regulate our conduct. An orderly life gener- 
ally attains longevity ; but nature seems to have 
made no provision for irregularity. Actions regu- 
larly and often repeated become almost automatic. 

Experience and constant repetition give an ease 
and rapidity almost miraculous. So attention to the 
wants of the body at a regular hour conduces to 
health ; while irregularity tends to disturb vital action, 
and throw the whole machinery into disorder. 

Correct habits are most easily formed in the nur- 
sery ; as the sapling is more easily bent than the full 
grown oak, or a mountain stream more easily turned 
at its source. 

Infants require their food twice as often as adults, 
as the vital action is more intense, but they do not 
require it at night during the hours for repose. Ix- 
telligence must determine the list of correct habits. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 31 

The wants of the body and the calls of nature cannot 
be neglected with impunity. 

10. Effects of injuries. 

Mechanical injuries are a cause of disease which we 
cannot always avoid. They are either the result of so- 
called accidents, or the result of crime. With the re- 
quisite amount of prudence and foresight we could 
avoid injuries from either cause ; and consequently 
our danger will be diminished as our prudence and 
foresight increase. A good knowledge of the laws of 
nature, as taught in Philosophy, Chemistry, and Physi- 
ology, will best enable us to guard against injuries. 
But with all the knowledge we can gain, we shall 
sometimes fail to avert the unseen danger, and will 
suffer injury. Then patience, pure blood, and good 
general health, will best enable us to gain the most 
speedy and perfect recovery. Indeed, pure blood, 
strong vitality, and permanent good health, afford 
the best protection against disease of every form. 



32 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 



ORAL AND GENERAL EXERCISES FROM 
THE CHARTS. 

(See directions and suggestions to teachers on page 48.) 

The design of Dutton's school charts is to teach the 
essential principles on which health and long life de- 
pend. 

Health is that condition of body that affords the 
most and greatest pleasure and enables us to perform 
all the duties of life in the most per'fect manner. 

The signs of health are activity, strength, energy, 
happiness and beauty. 

Beauty is a combination of symmetry with perfec- 
tion of color and function. Beauty is best secured 
by preserving health. 

Disease is the absence of perfect health. The effect 
of disease is to diminish pleasure, impair our faculties, 
and shorten the natural period of existence. Disease 
is to be shunned with the whole force of our moral 
nature. 

Health can be secured by observing the conditions 
of health and avoiding the causes of disease. 

(For conditions of health and causes of disease see 
charts on pages 8, and 9.) 

The first condition of health is symmetry of form. 
Symmetry is correct proportion, or harmony of parts. 

The law of symmetry requires a good development 
of the lungs and muscles, an erect figure, and the 
exact correspondence of the right and left sides of the 
body. 

A good development of the lungs and muscles can 
be secured by the daily and judicious use of them. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHAETS. 33 

The proper avenue for the breath is through the 
nostrils. 

The proper office of the mouth is to receive and 
masticate food, and to aid in forming the voice. 

■ The law of symmetry is violated by compressing 
the waist or any part of the bod3^ with tight garments, 
by allowing stooping postures to become habitual, by 
taking excessive quantities of food or drink, and by 
neglecting exercise. 

The form of the body can be changed by training 
and diet. The second condition of health is freedom 
of body. The law of freedom requires the use of 
loose garments. Tight garments interfere with the 
circulation of the blood and the function* of respi- 
ration. 

The law of freedom is violated by wearing corsets, 
elastics, any tight garments whatever, and by -wearing 
garments suspended only from the waist. 

All garments, except for the extremites, should be 
suspended from the shoulders. 

The measure for garments worn around the chest 
is properly taken only wlien the lungs are fully inflated 
and the ribs elevated. 

The measure around the waist is properly talien at 
the close of an expiration and while the bowels are 
allowed to fall and rest against the muscles of the ab- 
domen. 

The third condition of health is purity of air. 

The importance of air may be realized by attempt- 
ing to hold the breath and then reflecting that we can 
live days without food but only a few minutes with- 
out air. 

The air is rendered impure by the decomposition 
of organic matter and by the breath of animals. 

The air is purified by the action of plants. The 
free interchange of air between plants and animals is 



34 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

called ventilation. A constant current of air is nec- 
essary for good ventilation. 

The air is purified in winter by the winds that blow 
from the tropics where vegetation abounds. 

Stagnant, or confined air, is very unwholesome for 
all animals. 

The fourth condition of health is adaptation of 
food. 

Our food must be adapted to the requirements of 
growth, climate and exercise. The production of all 
force necessitates a waste of material. 

The adjustment of our food is best regulated by a 
natural and healthy appetite. 

The appetite is vitiated and destroyed by the use 
of condiments, by excessive indulgence, and by vio- 
lent emotions. 

To guide us in eating we need intelligence and wis- 
dom. The proper time to eat is when we are hungry. 
True hunger, or a natural appetite may be known by 
its regularity of recurrence, when regularly abated, 
and by the pleasure that food affords to the senses of 
taste and smell. 

Pure water is the best drink for man and beast. 

The fifth condition of health is cleanliness of 
person. Some eastern nations make ablutions a part 
of their religious duty. 

Dirt is matter out of place. 

The law of cleanliness requires frequent ablutions 
and change of apparel. The most common results of 
violating the law of cleanliness are parasites and ob- 
stinate skin diseases. 

The sixth condition of health is regularity of exer- 
cise. 

There is no substitute for exercise. "Emplo}^- 
ment," said Galen, "is nature's physician." We may 
not hope for health without employment. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 35 

The seventh condition of health is practice of tem- 
perance. Temperance implies self control. Health 
and cheerfulness are the fruits of temperance. 

The law of temperance requires the moderate use of 
our strength and faculties, and the moderate indul- 
gence of our natural appetites and passions. It 
wholly rejects intoxicating drinks. 

The eighth condition of health is influence of sun- 
light. 

The effect of sunlight may be perceived by the con- 
dition of plants grown in the dark. 

Such plants look pale and sickly. The water of 
all the rivers that run to the sea is raised in clouds 
b^^ the power of sunlight. Under the direct rays of 
the sun in the tropics we find birds of the most beau- 
tiful plumage, foliage most luxuriant, and the juices 
and aroma of plants most pungent and penetrat- 
ing. 

The ninth condition of health is tranquility of mind 
The whole vital machinery is under the control of the 
nervous power. The brain is the great centre of the 
nervous system and the organ of the mind. Any dis- 
turbance of the mind is manifested in corresponding 
parts and organs of the body. 

By thorough and efficient discipline the mind maj' 
be prepared to meet the trials, afflictions and dis- 
appointments of life with equanimit}^ 

The tenth condition of health is rectitude of pur- 
pose. 

Rectitude of purpose means a determination to do 
right. To obey an enlightened conscience is to do 
right. 

Obedience to moral lavr subserves health because 
the moral and physical laws agree. We must con- 
sider the body as an instrument or servant of the 
mind. 



36 KEY TO DUTTON'S SCHOOL CHAKTS. 

An intelligent and well balanced mind can best 
preserve the body. 

The senses of sight and hearing are best preserved 
by attention to the general health. 

The preservation of the voice, its power and qual- 
ity, depend largely upon the preservation of health. 



CAUSES OF DISEASE. 

The first cause of disease is depravity of organ- 
ization. Depravity of organization implies defective 
conditions inherited from ancestors. 

Inherited disease is curable but not always in a 
single generation. 

The more common forms of inherited disease are 
deformity, consumption, scrofula, blindness, idiocy, 
and insanity. 

The second cause of disease is errors of diet. 

Diet means the rational and methodical use of such 
food as affords the fullest enjoyment of life. 

Bad selection of food, bad cooking, and bad habits 
of eating ma}' be mentioned as errors of diet. 

A high degree of intelligence is required to enable 
us to select the best food. 

In warm climates a vegetable diet affords the best 
protection against disease. 

The true art of cooking consists in boiling, roast- 
ing, or baking the plaiu material provided by nature. 

Some of the errors of cooking are mixing lard and 
butter with flour, burning, and the use of condiments. 
Eating hastily without masticating and insalivating, 
eating without a natural appetite, taking food that 
chills or scalds, and drinking largel}^ during meals, 
may be mentioned as improper habits of eating. 



KEY TO DUTTON'S SCHOOL CHARTS. 37 

The third causse of disease is action of poisons. 

It is the nature of a poison to impair health and 
shorten the natural period of existence. 

Poisons are found in all the kingdoms of nature. 

The number of known vegetable poisons is over a 
hundred. 

Twenty-one kinds of salt water fish are known to 
be poisonous. 

Mercury, antimony, lead, copper, zinc and arsenic, 
with their compounds, are well known mineral poi- 
sons. 

Animal and vegetable substances, used for food, 
become poisonous by the natural process of decay. 
Tobacco is a poison. 

The fourth cause of disease is extremes of exercise. 

Indolence and over-taxation are meant by extremes 
of exercise. 

Prudence and discretion in the sports and labors 
of youth give promise of long life. 

The fifth cause of disease is extremes of temperature. 

Healthy organic action can be easily maintained 
with judicious exercise, in a temperature of 40 to 90^ 
Fahrenheit. (Farenhite.) 

Active exercise increases the heat of the blood. 

By violent exercise long continued in a heated at- 
mosphere the globules of the blood and tissues of the 
body become melted and disorganized ; and some- 
times by the direct raj's of the sun alone. 

The best temperature for sitting rooms is from 60^ 
to 75<^ Fahrenheit. 

The sixth cause of disease is indulgence of passions. 

The passions most destructive to health are anger, 
grief, and lust. 

Anger and grief endanger life by violently disturb- 
ing the circulation of the blood. 

Universal love and benevolence promote health. 



38 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 



The seventh cause of disease is disappointments of 
life. By reason of our ignorance disappointments 
come to all. 

The depressing influence of disappointments may 
be nullified by culture of mind. 

The eight cause of disease is want of sunlight. 

Sunlight is essential to health. 

Sunlight is often excluded from our apartments by 
the walls of buildings, blinds, and shades. 

The ninth cause of disease is irregularity of habits. 

Nature has made no provision for irregularity. 

Experience and constant repetition always give 
facility of thought and action. 

The list of correct habits must be gained by intel- 
ligence and the experience of self and others. 

The tenth cause of disease is the effects of injuries. 

By a sufficient knowledge of the laws and forces of 
nature all injuries might be avoided. 

The laws of nature are taught to some extent in 
Philosophy, Chemistry and Physiology ; but the most 
perfect knowledge must be gained by long and close 
observation of nature herself. 

Permanent good health affords the best protection 
against disease of every form. 



KEY TO DUTTON's SCHOOL CHARTS. 39 



QUESTIONS FOE, ORAL EXERCISES. 

1. What is the design of Button's school charts? 

2. What is health? 

8. What are the signs of health? 

4. What is beauty ? 

5. How is beauty best secured? 
6 What is disease ? 

7. What is the effect of disease? 

8. How is disease to be shunned? 

9. By what means is health secured? 

10. What are the conditions of health? (See 
chart.) 

11. What are the causes of disease? (^See chart.) 

12. What is the first condition of health as ar- 
ranged upon the chart? 

13. What is symmetry? 

14. What does the law of symmetry require ? 

15. How can a good development of the lungs and 
muscles be secured ? 

16. What is the proper avenue for the breath? 

17. What is the proper office of the mouth? 

18. How is the law of symmetry violated? 

19. How can the form of the body be changed? 

20. What is the second condition of health? 

21. What does the law of freedom require? 

22. With what do tight garments interfere? 

23. How is the law of freedom violated? 

24. How is the measure for garments worn around 
the chest properl}^ taken ? 

25. How is the measure around the waist properly 
taken ? 



40 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 

26. What is the third condition of health? 

27. How may the importance of air be realized? 

28. How is the air rendered impure? 

29. How is the air purified? 

30. What is the free interchange of air between 
plants and animals called? 

31. What is necessary for good ventilation? 

32. How is the air purified in winter? 

33. What is very unwholesome for all animals? 

34. What is the fourth condition of health? 

35. To what must our food be adapted? 

36. What does the production of all force necessi- 
tate ? 

37. How is the adjustment of our food best reg- 
ulated ? 

38. How is the appetite vitiated and destroyed? 

39. What do we need to guide us in eating? 

40. What is the proper time to eat? 

41. How may true hunger be known? 

42. What is the best drink for man and beast? 

43. What is the fifth condition of health? 

44. What do some eastern nations make a part of 
their religious duty ? 

45. What is dirt? 

46. What does the law of cleanliness require? 

47. What is the result of violating this law? 

48. What is the sixth condition of health? 

49. What is the substitute for exercise? 

50. What said Galen of employment? 

51. May we hope for health without employment? 

52. What is the seventh condition of health? 

53. What does temperance imply? 

54. What are the fruits of temperance ? 

55. What does the law of temperance require? 

56. What wholly reject? 

57. What is the eighth condition of health? 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 41 

58. How may the effects of suolight be perceived? 

59. How do such plants look ? 

60. How is the water of all the rivers that run to 
the sea raised into the air ? 

61. Where do we find birds of the most beautiful 
plumage ? 

62. Where do we find foliage most luxuriant ? 

63. Where do we find the juices and aroma of 
plants most pungent and penetratiug ? 

64. What is the ninth condition of health ? 

65. What power controls the whole vital ma- 
chin er}'' ? 

66. What is the great centre of the nervous sys- 
tem? ■ 

67. Of what is the brain the organ ? 

68. W^here is any disturbance of mind manifested? 

69. How may the mind be prepared to meet the 
trials, afl[lictions and disappointments of life with 
equanimity ? 

70. W^hat is the tenth condition of health ? 

71. What does rectitude of purpose mean ? 

72. What is it to do right? 

73. W^hy will obedience to moral law subserve 
health ? 

74. W^hat must we consider the body ? 

75. W^hat can best preserve the body ? 

76. How is the sense of sight and hearing best 
preserved ? 

77. Upon what does the preservation of the voice 
depend ? 



42 KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 



CHART NO. 2. 

1. What is the first cause of disease ? 

2. What does depravity of organization mean ? 
3. Is inherited disease curable ? 

4. What are the more common forms of inherited 
disease ? 

5. What is the second cause of disease? 

6. What does diet mean ? 

7. What may be mentioned as errors of diet ? 

8. What is required to enable us to select the best 
food? 

9. What diet is best in warm climates ? 

10. In what does the true art of cooking consist ? 

11. What are some of the errors of cooking? 

12. What may be mentioned as improper habits 
of eating ? 

13. What IS the third cause of disease ? 

14. What is the nature of a poison? 

15. Where are poisons found ? 

16. How many vegetable poisons are known ? 

17. How many kinds of salt water fish are known 
to be poisGlious ? 

18. Will you mention a mineral poison ? 

19. How does animal and vegetable food become 
poisonous ? 

20. What substance in almost universal use is a 
poison ? 

21. What is the fourth cause of disease ? 

22. What is meant by extremes of exercise? 

23. What gives promise of long life? 

24. What is the fifth cause of disease? 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 43 

25. At what temperature can healthy organic ac- 
tion be easily maintained? 

26. How does active exercise affect the blood ? 

27. How are the blood and tissues sometimes dis- 
organized ? 

28. What is the best temperature for sitting rooms? 

29. What is the sixth cause of disease? 

30 What passions are most destructive to health? 

31. How do anger and grief endanger life? 

32. What passions promote health? 

33. What is the seventh cause of disease? 

34. Why do disappointments come to all ? 

35. How may the depressing influence of disap- 
pointments be nullified ? 

36. What is the eighth cause of disease? 

37. What is essential to health? 

38. How is the light often excluded from our apart- 
ments ? 

39. What is the ninth cause of disease ? 

40. For what has nature made no provision? 

41. What always gives facility of thought and ac- 
tion? 

42. How must the list of correct habits be gained? 

43. What is the tenth cause of disease? 

44. How might all injuries be avoided ? 

45. What branches of science more especially teach 
the laws of nature? 

46. How must we gain the most perfect knowledge 
of the laws of nature ? 

47. What affords the best protection against dis- 
ease in every form ? 



44 KEY TO DUTTON'S SCHOOL CHARTS. 



GLOSSARY. 

Abdomen— Large cavity of the body below the di- 
aphragm, or midriff. The diaphragm separates the 
abdomen from the chest or thorax. 

Aerate — To impregnate, or fill with air. 

Anatomy — Science of structure. 

Animalcules — Little animals ; generally too mi- 
nute in size to be seen with the naked eye. 

Arteries — Tubes that convey blood outward from 
the heart. 

Automatic — Self-moving. 

Barracks — Buildings where soldiers lodge. 
ij Brmn —A large mass of nervous matter contained 
by the skull. 

Calisthenics — Exercises for improving strength 
and beauty. 

Capillaries — Minute tubes at the extremities of 
the arteries and connecting with the veins. 

Chest — That part of the body above the diaphragm, 
which contains the heart and lungs. It is sometimes 
called the thorax. 

Chyle — A clear liquid found in the small intestines 
and lacteals, from which the blood is made. 

Condiment — A substance used as a relish. 

Decarbonize — To remove or elimiuate carbon. 
Coal and black lead are forms of carbon. 

Eliminating — Separating or freeing from. 

Esophagus — A canal leading from the throat to the 
stomach. 

Etiolated — Blanched or whitened by being ex- 
cluded from the ravs of the sun. 



KEY TO button's SCHOOL CHARTS. 45 

Faculties — Natural powers of mind. 

Function — Office, or performance. 
Geometrical series — A series of numbers that in- 
creases or diminishes by a constant multiplier or di- 
visor. If you multiply the measure around the 
largest part of the middle finger by 2 2-10 it will give 
the measure of the wrist, and 2 2-10 the measure of 
the wrist will give the measure of the neck, etc. 

Gymnastics — Exercises for increasing strength. 

Gall bladder — A small bladder or cyst found at 
the under edge of the liver, and containing more or 
less gall or bile that is secreted by the liver. 

Habitat — Natural place of abode. 

Hygiene — The art of preserving health. 

Heart — The principal organ of the circulatory sys- 
tem. It has two auricles, two ventricles and two 
valves. The auricles receive blood, the ventricles 
expel it. The auricles occupy the upper, and the 
ventricles the lower part of the heart. The valves are 
between the auricles and ventricles and prevent regur- 
gitation of the blood. The heart is situated in the 
thorax between the lungs. 

Larv^ — Insects in the grub or caterpillar state. 

Ligature — A cord or thread used to tie an artery 
or vein. 

Liver — A large brown colored organ lying just be- 
low the diaphragm and under the edge of the ribs, 
and chiefly upon the right side. 

Longevity — Long life, or great age. 

Mesenteric glands — Small and numerous glands 
found in the abdomen among the bowels. 

Microscope — An instrument for viewing objects 
too minute to be seen by the unassisted vision. 

Oxygenate — Supplying or saturating with oxygen. 
Oxygen is one of the constituents of the air, and is 
the supporter of flame and animal life. 



46 KEY TO DUTTON'S SCHOOL CHAKT^. 

Palpitation — Unusual and violent beating of the 
heart. 

Pancreas — A light colored organ, lying just under 
the stomach, and"" secreting a juice or liquid that is 
poured into the bowel about three inches below the 
stomach. The pancreatic juice acts upon oils and 
fatty matter to prepare them for the circulation. 

Paralysis — Loss of sensation and motion, one or 
both. 

Phenomenon — A wonderful appearance whose 
cause is obscure. 

Physiology— Science of vital action. 

Post-mortem — After death. 

Salivary glands — Glands in and about the mouth 
that furnish the saliva, which is an important liquid 
for digesting our food. The saliva is poured forth 
more healthfully and abundantly when the appetite is 
good and we give attention to the taste of our food. 
These glands are also excited to action by the motion 
of the tongue and jaw in masticating our food. 

Sexual passion — Attraction between the sexes. 

Spirometer — An instrument for measuring the 
capacity of the lungs for air. 

Stomach — The stomach is a sack or cavity that re- 
ceives the food when it is swallowed. It lies one 
foot or more below the mouth and just under the 
lower end of the breast bone. It may be considered 
as an enlargement of the ailimentary canal at that 
point. It is provided with numerous glands that se- 
crete a liquid or juice, that has power to digest 
albuminious matter, such as the gluten of wheat, the 
casein of cheese, and the fibrin of animal food ; but 
it has no power to digest oils and fatty matter. 

The food enters the stomach through what is called 
the cardiac orifice, and leaves it through the pyloric 
orifice. If the conditions of health are not fulfilled, 



KEY TO DUTTON's SCHOOL CHARTS. 47 

Ibod may remain in the stomach undigested for da^'S 
and even weeks, fermenting and even putrefying. 

Thermometer — An instrument for measuring the 
heat or temperature. 

Thorax — That part of the body above the dia- 
phragm and sometimes called the chest. 

TRICHINJ2 — Minute worms that are sometimes 
found in pork, and even in liuman flesh when dis- 
eased. 

Veins — Tubes that convey the blooc] from the 
capillaries back to the heart. 

Vermifuge — A medicine given to expel worms. 

Vertigo— Dizziness, or giddiness. 



48 KEY TO DUTTONS SCHOOL CHARTS. 



DIRECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS TO 
TEACHERS. 

Study careful!}^ the entire work and make yourself 
familiar with the meaning of every word and sen- 
tence. 

You are then prepared to answer intelligently any 
reasonable question that may be asked by the pupil 
concerning it. 

For young pupils teach chiefly or entirely by oral 
exercises. For this purpose, in absence of the charts 
themselves, write the substance of the charts (inserted 
in the Key) upon the blackboard ; a part, or all, as 
may be wanted for a single exercise ; and use the 
questions and answers as found in the Key. Other 
and more specific questions may be asked occasionally 
to insure a full understanding of the author's mean- 
ing. 

For Grammer Schools the Key is to be used as a 
text book for classes. Direct the pupils to read care- 
ifully the preface and then prepare a lesson from the 
introduction assigned by the teacher from day to day 
until the introduction and explanations of the charts, 
together with the Glossary and oral exercises have 
been completely mastered. 

The six different S3'stems and the eliminating or- 
gans, mentioned in the introduction, and the twenty 
different sul)jects upon the charts, will furnish con- 
venient topics for reviews and examination. 

For High Schools and medical students the work 
will be found, also, a vade mecum. Physiological 
charts, skeletons, manikins, models of the eye and 
ear, natural preparations, and diagrams, may all be 
made accessorv to the study of this work. 



I 



